Volker Quaschning: Regenerative Energiesysteme - Hanser Verlag. Auflage Des Standardlehrbuchs Regenerative Energiesysteme Ist 2015 Erschienen. Source: We have made it easy for you to download Elektro Praktiker Photovoltaik PDF Ebooks.

Power to gas (often abbreviated P2G) is a technology that converts power to a gas. Applied Statistics For Business And Economics Allen Webster Pdf. [1] There are currently three methods in use; all use electricity to into and by means of. In the first method, the resulting hydrogen is injected into the natural gas grid or is used in transport or industry. [2] The second method is to combine the hydrogen with and convert the two gases to (see ) using a methanation reaction such as the, or biological methanation resulting in an extra energy conversion loss of 8%. The methane may then be fed into the natural gas grid. The third method uses the output gas of a or a plant, after the is mixed with the produced hydrogen from the electrolyzer, to upgrade the quality of the biogas. Impurities, such as,,, and, must be removed from the biogas if the gas is used for pipeline storage to prevent damage.

Contents • Storage function 1 • Efficiency 1.1 • Electrolysis technology 1.2 • Power to hydrogen 2 • Grid injection without compression 2.1 • Power to methane 3 • Microbial methanation 3.1 • Biogas-upgrading to biomethane 4 • Power to syngas 5 • Initiatives 5.1 • See also 6 • Notes 7 • Further reading 8 • External links 9 Storage function Power-to-gas systems may be deployed as adjuncts to wind parks or solar-electric generation. The excess power or off-peak power generated by wind generators or solar arrays may then be used at a later time for load balancing in the energy grid.

Before switching to, the German gas networks were operated using, which for 50-60% consisted of hydrogen. The storage capacity of the German natural gas network is more than 200,000 GWh which is enough for several months of energy requirement. By comparison, the capacity of all German pumped storage power plants amounts to only about 40 GWh.

The storage requirement in Germany is estimated at 16GW in 2023, 80GW in 2033 and 130GW in 2050. [4] The transport of energy through a gas network is done with much less loss (. In 2013 the round-trip efficiency of power-to-gas-storage was well below 50%, with the hydrogen path being able to reach an maximum efficiency of ~ 43% and methan of ~ 39% by using combined-cycle powerplants. If plants are used that produce both electricity and heat, efficiency can be above 60%, but is still less than pumped hydro or battery storage. [8] However, there are is potential to increase efficieny of power-to-gas storage.

In 2015 a study published in found that by using and recycling waste heat in the storage process a round-trip efficiency electricity to electricity of more than 70% can be reached at low cost. Electrolysis technology • Advantages and disadvantages of the predominantly considered electrolysis technologies. [11] Alkaline Electrolysis Advantage Disadvantage Commercial technology (high technology readiness level) Limited cost reduction and efficiency improvement potential Low investment electrolyser High maintenance intensity Large stack size Modest reactivity, ramp rates and flexibility (minimal load 20%) Extremely low hydrogen impurity (0,001%) Stacks.

In April 2014 the co-financed and from the coordinated [32] HELMETH [33] (Integrated High-Temperature ELectrolysis and METHanation for Effective Power to Gas Conversion) research project started. [34] The objective of the project is the proof of concept of a highly efficient Power-to-Gas technology by thermally integrating high temperature electrolysis ( technology) with CO 2-methanation. Through the thermal integration of exothermal methanation and steam generation for the high temperature steam electrolysis a conversion efficiency >85% is expected ( of produced methane per used electrical energy). The process consists of a pressurized high-temperature steam and a pressurized CO 2-methanation module which are planned to be coupled in 2016. A methane output of approximately 30 kW (higher heating value) is targeted. The first industry-scale Power-to-Methane plant was realized by ETOGAS for Audi AG in Werlte, Germany.

The plant with 6 MW electrical input power is using CO 2 from a waste-biogas plant and intermittent renewable power to produce synthetic natural gas (SNG) which is directly fed into the local gas grid (which is operated by EWE). [30] The plant is part of the Audi e-fuels program. The produced synthetic natural gas, named Audi e-gas, enables CO 2-neutral mobility with standard CNG vehicles. Currently it is available to customers of Audi's first CNG car, the Audi A3 g-tron. [31] ZSW (Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research) and SolarFuel GmbH (now ETOGAS GmbH) realized a demonstration project with 250 kW electrical input power in Stuttgart, Germany. The plant was put into operation on October 30, 2012. [29] The Power to Gas Methane method is to combine hydrogen from an electrolyzer with carbon dioxide and convert the two gases to methane [28] (see natural gas) using a methanation reaction such as the Sabatier reaction or biological methanation resulting in an extra energy conversion loss of 8%, the methane may then be fed into the natural gas grid if the purity requirement is reached.

Power to methane The core of the system is a (PEM). The electrolyser converts electrical energy into chemical energy, which in turn facilitates the storage of electricity. A gas mixing plant ensures that the proportion of hydrogen in the natural gas stream does not exceed two per cent by volume, the technically permissible maximum value when a natural gas filling station is situated in the local distribution network. The electrolyser supplies the hydrogen-methane mixture at the same pressure as the gas distribution network, namely 3.5 bar. [27] Grid injection without compression Power to gas and other schemes to store and utilize are part of Germany's (energy transition program). [26] The 6 MW Energiepark Mainz [25] from Stadtwerke Mainz,, and in (Germany) will open in 2015.

The surplus energy from the 12 MW in, Germany [24] will be injected into the gas grid from 2014 on. The INGRID project started in 2013 in, Italy. It is a four-year project with 39 MWh storage and a 1.2 MW electrolyser for smart grid monitoring and control. [22] The hydrogen is used for grid balancing, transport, industry, and injection into the gas network.

[23] The GRHYD project (2013-2020) of and in France started in 2012 for injecting hydrogen into the natural gas network of 200 houses. [21] In August 2013, a 140 MW wind park in,,owned by received an electrolyser. The hydrogen produced can be used in an or can be injected into the local gas grid.

The hydrogen compression and storage system stores up to 27 MWh of energy and increases the overall efficiency of the wind park by tapping into wind energy that otherwise would be wasted. [19] The electrolyser produces 210 Nm 3/h of hydrogen and is operated. [20] On August 28, 2013,,, and inaugurated a commercial power-to-gas unit in, Germany. The unit, which has a capacity of two megawatts, can produce 360 cubic meters of hydrogen per hour. [15] The plant uses wind power and [16] electrolysis equipment to transform water into hydrogen, which is then injected into the existing regional natural gas transmission system. Swissgas, which represents over 100 local natural gas utilities, is a partner in the project with a 20 percent capital stake and an agreement to purchase a portion of the gas produced. A second 800 kW power-to-gas project has been started in /Reitbrook district [17] and is expected to open in 2015.

[18] In December 2013,,, and NRM Netzdienste Rhein-Main GmbH began injecting hydrogen into the German gas distribution network using, which is a rapid response plant. The power consumption of the electrolyser is 315 kilowatts. It produces about 60 cubic meters per hour of and thus in one hour can feed 3,000 cubic meters of hydrogen-enriched natural gas into the network. This article was sourced from Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. World Heritage Encyclopedia content is assembled from numerous content providers, Open Access Publishing, and in compliance with The Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR), Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Public Library of Science, The Encyclopedia of Life, Open Book Publishers (OBP), PubMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S.

Department of Health & Human Services, and USA.gov, which sources content from all federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government publication portals (.gov,.mil,.edu). Funding for USA.gov and content contributors is made possible from the U.S. Scooby Cam Tools C4d Render there. Congress, E-Government Act of 2002.