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Gondola Punta and Basilica Salute Venice (;: Venezia, ( );: Venesia, ) is a city in northeastern and the capital of the. It is situated across a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by bridges, of which there are 400.

The islands are located in the shallow, an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the and the Rivers. Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their, and artwork. The lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a. In 2014, 264,579 people resided in di Venezia, of whom around 55,000 live in the historic city of Venice ( Centro storico).

Together with and, the city is included in the (PATREVE), with a total population of 2.6 million. PATREVE is only a statistical metropolitan area. The name is derived from the ancient people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BCE.

The city was historically the capital of the. Venice has been known as the 'La Dominante,' 'Serenissima,' 'Queen of the,' 'City of Water,' 'City of Masks,' 'City of Bridges,' 'The Floating City,' and 'City of Canals.' The was a major financial and maritime power during the and, and a for the and the, as well as a very important center of commerce (especially silk, grain, and ) and art in the 13th century up to the end of the 17th century. The City State of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center which gradually emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century.

This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history. It is also known for its several important artistic movements, especially the. After the and the, the Republic was annexed by the, until it became part of the in 1866, following a referendum held as a result of the. Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music, and it is the birthplace of. Venice has been ranked the most beautiful city in the world as of 2016. The city is facing some major challenges, however, including financial difficulties, erosion, pollution, subsidence, an excessive number of tourists in peak periods and problems caused by oversized cruise ships sailing close to the banks of the historical city. 421–476 476–493 493–553 553–584 584–697 697–1797 1797–1805 1805–1815 1815–1866 1848–1849 1849–1866 1866–1946 1946–present Although no surviving historical records deal directly with the founding of Venice, tradition and the available evidence have led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice consisted of refugees from Roman cities near Venice such as,,, and Concordia (modern ) and from the undefended countryside, who were fleeing successive waves of and invasions.

This is further supported by the documentation on the so-called 'apostolic families', the twelve founding families of Venice who elected the first doge, who in most cases trace their lineage back to Roman families. Some late Roman sources also reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as incolae lacunae ('lagoon dwellers'). The traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of on the islet of (Rivoalto, 'High Shore') — said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421 (the ). Beginning as early as AD 166 to 168, the and destroyed the main center in the area, the current. The Roman defences were again overthrown in the early 5th century by the and, some 50 years later, by the Huns led.

The last and most enduring immigration into the north of the Italian peninsula, that of the in 568, left the a small strip of coast in the current Veneto, including Venice. The Roman/Byzantine territory was organized as the, administered from that ancient port and overseen by a viceroy (the ) appointed by the Emperor in Constantinople, but Ravenna and Venice were connected only by sea routes; and with the Venetians' isolated position came increasing autonomy. New ports were built, including those at and in the Venetian lagoon. The tribuni maiores, the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, dated from c. The traditional first, (Anafestus Paulicius), was elected in 697, as written in the by in ca. Some modern historians claim Paolo Lucio Anafesto was actually, and his successor,, was Paul's (General: literally, 'Master of Soldiers'). In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the Exarchate rose in a rebellion over the at the urging of.

The Exarch, held responsible for the acts of his master Byzantine Emperor, was murdered and many officials put to flight in the chaos. At about this time, the people of the lagoon elected their own independent leader for the first time, although the relationship of this to the uprisings is not clear.

Was the first of 117 ' ( doge is the development of the Latin ('leader'); the corresponding word in English is, in standard Italian.) Whatever his original views, Ursus supported Emperor 's successful military expedition to recover Ravenna, sending both men and ships. In recognition of this, Venice was 'granted numerous privileges and concessions' and Ursus, who had personally taken the field, was confirmed by Leo as and given the added title of (Greek for '.) In 751 the Lombard King conquered most of the Exarchate of Ravenna, leaving Venice a lonely and increasingly autonomous Byzantine outpost. During this period, the seat of the local Byzantine governor (the 'duke/dux', later 'doge'), was situated in. Settlement on the islands in the lagoon probably increased with the Lombard conquest of other Byzantine territories, as refugees sought asylum there.

In 775/6 the seat of Olivolo (; Helipolis [ ]) was created. During the reign of duke (811–827) the ducal seat moved from Malamocco to the highly protected Rialto, the current location of Venice. The monastery of St Zachary and the first and, as well as a walled defense ( civitatis murus) between Olivolo and Rialto, were subsequently built here.

Sought to subdue the city to his own rule. He ordered the Pope to expel the Venetians from the along the Adriatic coast, and Charlemagne's own son, under the authority of his father, embarked on a siege of Venice itself. This, however, proved a costly failure.

The siege lasted six months, with Pepin's army ravaged by the diseases of the local swamps and eventually forced to withdraw (810). A few months later, Pepin himself died, apparently as a result of a disease contracted there. In the aftermath, an agreement between and the Byzantine Emperor in 814 recognized Venice as Byzantine territory and granted the city trading rights along the Adriatic coast. In 828 the new city's prestige increased with the acquisition of the claimed relics of from, which were placed in the new basilica. (Winged lions, visible throughout Venice, symbolise St Mark.) The patriarchal seat also moved to Rialto. As the community continued to develop and as Byzantine power waned, its autonomy grew, leading to eventual independence.

Expansion [ ]. In Venice, with and Basilica in the background. From the 9th to the 12th century, Venice developed into a (an Italian or: the other three of these were,, and ). Its strategic position at the head of the Adriatic made Venetian naval and commercial power almost invulnerable.

[ ] With the elimination of pirates along the, the city became a flourishing trade center between Western Europe and the rest of the world (especially the and ) with a naval power protecting sea routes from piracy. The seized a number of places on the eastern shores of the Adriatic before 1200, mostly for commercial reasons, because based there were a menace to trade. The Doge already carried the titles of Duke of and Duke of. Later mainland possessions, which extended across as far west as the, were known as the 'Terraferma', and were acquired partly as a buffer against belligerent neighbours, partly to guarantee trade routes, and partly to ensure the supply of mainland wheat, on which the city depended. In building its maritime commercial empire, the Republic dominated the trade in salt, acquired control of most of the islands in the, including and, and became a major power-broker in the.

By the standards of the time, Venice's stewardship of its mainland territories was relatively enlightened and the citizens of such towns as, and rallied to the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders. Venice remained closely associated with Constantinople, being twice granted trading privileges in the Eastern Roman Empire, through the so-called or 'chrysobulls' in return for aiding the Eastern Empire to resist Norman and Turkish incursions. In the first chrysobull, Venice acknowledged its homage to the Empire; but not in the second, reflecting the decline of and the rise of Venice's power. Venice became an imperial power following the, which, having veered off course, culminated in 1204 by capturing and sacking and establishing the. As a result of this conquest, considerable Byzantine plunder was brought back to Venice.

This plunder included the from the, which were originally placed above the entrance to the cathedral of Venice,, although the originals have been replaced with replicas and are now stored within the basilica. After the fall of Constantinople, the former Roman Empire was partitioned among the Latin crusaders and the Venetians. Venice subsequently carved out a sphere of influence in the Mediterranean known as the, and captured Crete.

The seizure of Constantinople proved as decisive a factor in ending the as the loss of the after. Although the Byzantines recovered control of the ravaged city a half-century later, the Byzantine Empire was terminally weakened, and existed as a ghost of its old self until took the city. View of from. Situated on the Adriatic Sea, Venice always traded extensively with the and the.

By the late 13th century, Venice was the most prosperous city in all of Europe. At the peak of its power and wealth, it had 36,000 sailors operating 3,300 ships, dominating Mediterranean commerce. Mario Vs Donkey Kong Minis March Again Romance here. Venice's leading families vied with each other to build the grandest palaces and support the work of the greatest and most talented artists. The city was governed by the, which was made up of members of the noble families of Venice. The Great Council appointed all public officials and elected a Senate of 200 to 300 individuals. Since this group was too large for efficient administration, a (also called the Ducal Council or the Signoria), controlled much of the administration of the city.

One member of the great council was elected ', or duke, the chief executive, who usually held the title until his death; although several Doges were forced by pressure from their peers to resign and retire into seclusion when they were felt to have been discredited by political failure. The Venetian government structure was similar in some ways to the republican system of ancient Rome, with an elected chief executive (the Doge), a senate-like assembly of nobles, and a mass of citizens with limited political power, who originally had the power to grant or withhold their approval of each newly elected Doge.

Church and various private properties were tied to military service, although there was no within the city itself. The was the only order of ever instituted in Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order without the government's consent. Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period, and politics and the military were kept separate, except when on occasion the Doge personally headed the military.

War was regarded as a continuation of commerce by other means (hence, the city's early production of large numbers of mercenaries for service elsewhere, and later its reliance on foreign mercenaries when the ruling class was preoccupied with commerce). Although the people of Venice generally remained orthodox Roman Catholics, the state of Venice was notable for its freedom from religious fanaticism and executed nobody for religious heresy during the. This apparent lack of zeal contributed to Venice's frequent conflicts with the.

In this context, the writings of the Anglican divine are particularly illuminating. Venice was threatened with the on a number of occasions, and twice suffered its imposition.

The second, most noted, occasion was in 1606, by order of. Venetian ambassadors sent home still-extant secret reports of the politics and rumours of European courts, providing fascinating information to modern historians. The newly invented German spread rapidly throughout Europe in the 15th century, and Venice was quick to adopt it. By 1482, Venice was the printing capital of the world, and the leading printer was, who invented paperback books that could be carried in a saddlebag. His Aldine Editions included translations of nearly all the known Greek manuscripts of the era.

The in Venice. Venice's long decline started in the 15th century, when it first made an unsuccessful attempt to hold against the Ottomans (1423–1430). It also sent ships to help defend Constantinople against the besieging Turks (1453).

After Constantinople fell to, he declared war on Venice. The war lasted thirty years and cost Venice much of its eastern Mediterranean possessions. Next, Christopher Columbus discovered the New World in 1492. Then Vasco da Gama of Portugal found a sea route to India by rounding the Cape of Good Hope during his first voyage of 1497–99, destroying Venice's land route monopoly. France, England and the Dutch Republic followed.

Venice's oared galleys were at a disadvantage when it came to traversing the great oceans, and therefore Venice was left behind in the race for colonies. The devastated Venice in 1348 and once again between 1575 and 1577. In three years, the killed some 50,000 people. In 1630, the killed a third of Venice's 150,000 citizens. Venice began to lose its position as a center of during the later part of the as Portugal became Europe's principal intermediary in the trade with the East, striking at the very foundation of Venice's great wealth; while France and Spain fought for over Italy in the, marginalising its political influence. However, the Venetian empire was a major exporter of agricultural products, and until the mid-18th century, a significant center. Modern age [ ].

1870s panoramic view of Venice. During the 18th century, Venice became perhaps the most elegant and refined city in Europe, greatly influencing art, architecture and literature. But the Republic lost its independence when conquered Venice on 12 May 1797 during the. Napoleon was seen as something of a liberator by the city's Jewish population, although it can be argued they had lived with fewer restrictions in Venice. He removed the gates of the and ended the restrictions on when and where Jews could live and travel in the city. Venice became Austrian territory when Napoleon signed the on 12 October 1797. The Austrians took control of the city on 18 January 1798.

But Venice was taken from Austria by the in 1805 and became part of Napoleon's; however it was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held. In 1848–9, a revolt briefly re-established the under. In 1866, after the, Venice, along with the rest of the Veneto, became part of the newly created.

View from the Bridge of Sighs During the, the historic city was largely free from attack, the only aggressive effort of note being, a successful precision strike on the German naval operations in the city in March 1945. The targets were destroyed with virtually no architectural damage inflicted on the city itself.

However the industrial areas in Mestre and Marghera and the railway lines to Padua, Trieste and Trento were. On 29 April 1945, troops under of the reached Venice and relieved the city and the mainland, which were already in hands. Subsidence [ ]. Venice and surroundings in false colour, from.

The picture is oriented with North at the top., the gradual lowering of the surface of Venice, has led to the seasonal when much of the city's surface is occasionally covered at high tide. Foundations [ ] The buildings of Venice are constructed on closely spaced wooden.

Most of these piles are still intact after centuries of submersion. The foundations rest on plates of placed on top of the piles, and buildings of brick or sit above these footings. The piles penetrate a softer layer of and until they reach a much harder layer of compressed. Submerged by water, in oxygen-poor conditions, wood does not as rapidly as on the surface. Most of these piles were made from trunks of trees, a wood noted for its water resistance. The alder came from the westernmost part of today's (resulting in the barren land of the region), in two regions of Croatia, and (resulting in the barren slopes of ) and south of. [ ] History [ ] The city is often threatened by flood pushing in from the between autumn and early spring.

Six hundred years ago, Venetians protected themselves from land-based attacks by diverting all the major rivers flowing into the lagoon and thus preventing sediment from filling the area around the city. [ ] This created an ever-deeper lagoon environment. In 1604, to defray the cost of flood relief, Venice introduced what could be considered the first example of a '. [ ] When the revenue fell short of expectations in 1608, Venice introduced paper with the superscription 'AQ' and imprinted instructions, which was to be used for 'letters to officials'. At first, this was to be a temporary tax, but it remained in effect until the fall of the Republic in 1797. Shortly after the introduction of the tax, Spain produced similar paper for general taxation purposes, and the practice spread to other countries.

During the 20th century, when many were sunk into the periphery of the lagoon to draw water for local industry, Venice began to. It was realised that extraction of water from the was the cause. The sinking has slowed markedly since artesian wells were banned in the 1960s. However, the city is still threatened by more frequent low-level floods (called Acqua alta, 'high water') that creep to a height of several centimetres over its quays, regularly following certain tides. In many old houses, the former staircases used to unload goods are now flooded, rendering the former ground floor uninhabitable.

Studies indicate that the city continues sinking at a relatively slow rate of 1-2mm per annum; therefore, the state of alert has not been revoked. In May 2003, Italian Prime Minister inaugurated the ( Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico), an experimental model for evaluating the performance of hollow floatable gates; the idea is to fix a series of 78 hollow to the sea bed across the three entrances to the lagoon. When tides are predicted to rise above 110 centimetres, the pontoons will be filled with air, causing them to float and block the incoming water from the Adriatic Sea.

This engineering work is due to be completed by 2018. The project is not guaranteed to be successful and the cost has been very high, according to a spokesman for the FAI (similar to a National Trust). 'Mose is a pharaonic project that should have cost €800m [£675m] but will cost at least €7bn [£6bn].

If the barriers are closed at only 90cm of high water, most of St Mark’s will be flooded anyway; but if closed at very high levels only, then people will wonder at the logic of spending such sums on something that didn’t solve the problem. And pressure will come from the cruise ships to keep the gates open.'

Approximately €2 billion of the cost has been lost to corruption. Geography [ ] Sestieri [ ].

Venice viewed from the International Space Station. The whole pensolon (municipality) is divided into 6 boroughs. One of these (the historic city) is divided into six areas called:,, (including the isla and ),, (including ) and (including and ).

Each sestiere was administered by a and his staff. Now, each sestiere is a statistical and historical area without any degree of autonomy. The six fingers or phalanges of the ferro on the bow of a represent the six sestieri. The sestieri are divided into parishes – initially 70 in 1033, but reduced under and now numbering just 38. These parishes predate the sestieri, which were created in about 1170. Each parish exhibited unique characteristics but also belonged to an integrated network. The community chose its own patron saint, staged its own festivals, congregated around its own market center, constructed its own bell towers and developed its own customs.

Other islands of the do not form part of any of the sestieri, having historically enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy. Each sestiere has its own system. Each house has a unique number in the district, from one to several thousand, generally numbered from one corner of the area to another, but not usually in a readily understandable manner.

Climate [ ] According to the, Venice has a ( Cfa), with cool winters and very warm summers. The 24-hour average in January is 3.3 °C (37.9 °F), and for July this figure is 23.0 °C (73.4 °F). Precipitation is spread relatively evenly throughout the year, and averages 748 millimetres (29.4 in).

Like Murano, Burano is also a tourist destination, usually reached via vaporetto This all changed by the 17th century, when Venice's trade empire was taken over by other countries such as Portugal, and its naval importance was reduced. In the 18th century, then, it became a major agricultural and industrial exporter. The 18th century's biggest industrial complex was the, and the Italian Army still uses it today (even though some space has been used for major theatrical and cultural productions, and spaces for art). Since World War II many Venetians have moved to Mestre and Marghera seeking employment as well as affordable housing. Today, Venice's economy is mainly based on tourism, shipbuilding (mainly done in the neighboring cities of and ), services, trade and industrial exports. Production in and lace production in are also highly important to the economy.

The city is facing financial challenges. In late 2016, it had a major deficit in its budget and debts in excess of €400 million. 'In effect, the place is bankrupt', according to a report. Many locals are leaving the historic center due to rapidly increasing rental costs. The declining native population affects the character of the city as an October 2016 article pointed out in its subtitle: 'Residents are abandoning the city, which is in danger of becoming an overpriced theme park'.

In June 2017, Italy was required to bail out two banks in Venice to prevent bankruptcies of the and. Both companies will be wound down and their assets with value will be taken over by another Italian bank, Intesa Sanpaolo which received €5.2 billion as compensation. The Italian government will be responsible for losses from any uncollectible loans from the now closed banks. The cost may be as high as €5.2 billion but the guarantees to cover bad loans total €12 billion. Gondolas share the waterway with other types of craft (including the vaporetti) Venice is an important tourist destination for its celebrated art and architecture. The city gets up to 60,000 tourists per day (2017 estimate). Estimates as to the annual number of tourists vary from 22 million to 30 million.

This creates overcrowding and environmental problems in its canal ecosystem. By 2017, was considering the addition of Venice to its 'In-Danger' list which includes historical ruins in war-torn countries. To reduce the number of visitors that are causing irreversible changes in Venice, the agency supports limiting the number of cruise ships as well as creating a full strategy for a more sustainable tourism. Access the through the. Tourism has been a major sector of Venetian industry since the 18th century, when it was a major center for the, with its beautiful cityscape, uniqueness, and rich musical and artistic cultural heritage.

In the 19th century, it became a fashionable centre for the 'rich and famous', often staying or dining at luxury establishments such as the Danieli Hotel and the. It continued being a fashionable city in vogue right into the early 20th century. In the 1980s, the was revived and the city has become a major centre of international conferences and festivals, such as the prestigious and the, which attract visitors from all over the world for their theatrical, cultural, cinematic, artistic, and musical productions. Today, there are numerous attractions in Venice, such as, the, the, and the. The is also a popular international luxury destination, attracting thousands of actors, critics, celebrities, and mainly people in the cinematic industry. The city also relies heavily on the cruise business. The Cruise Venice Committee has estimated that cruise ship passengers spend more than 150 million euros (US $193 million) annually in the city according to a 2015 report.

Other reports, however, point out that such day trippers spend relatively little in the few hours of their visits to the city. Venice is regarded by some as a tourist trap, and by others as a 'living museum'. Unlike most other places in Western Europe, and the world, Venice has become widely known for its element of.

The competition for foreigners to buy homes in Venice has made prices rise so high that numerous inhabitants are forced to move to more affordable areas of and Italy, the most notable being. Minimising the effects of tourism [ ] The need to balance the jobs produced by cruise tourism with the protection of the city's historic environment and fragile canals has seen the Italian Transport Ministry attempt to introduce a ban on large cruise ships visiting the city.

A 2013 ban would have allowed only cruise ships smaller than 40,000-gross tons to enter the Giudecca Canal and St Mark's basin. In January, a regional court scrapped the ban, but some global cruise lines indicated that they would continue to respect it until a long-term solution for the protection of Venice is found. For example, P&O Cruises removed Venice from its summer schedule, Holland America moved one of its ships from this area to Alaska and Cunard is reducing (in 2017 and further in 2018) the number of visits by its ships.

As a result, the Venice Port Authority estimated an 11.4 percent drop in cruise ships arriving in 2017 versus 2016, leading to a similar reduction in income for Venice. Gondoliers on the Grand Canal The city also considered a ban on, but settled on banning hard wheels for cargo from May 2015. In addition to accelerating erosion of the ancient city's foundations and creating some pollution in the lagoon, cruise ships dropping an excessive number of day trippers can make St. Marks Square and other popular attractions too crowded to walk through during the peak season. Government officials see little value to the economy from the 'eat and flee' tourists who stay for less than a day, which is typical of those from cruise ships. Having failed in its 2013 bid to ban oversized cruise ships from the Giudecca canal, the city switched to a new strategy in mid 2017, banning the creation of any additional hotels; currently there are over 24,000 hotel rooms. (The ban does not affect short term rentals in the historic center which is causing an increase in rent for the native residents of Venice.) The city had already banned any additional fast food 'take-away' outlets to retain the historic character of the city; this was another reason for freezing the number of hotel rooms.

Less than half the millions of annual visitors stay overnight, however. Some locals were aggressively lobbying for new methods that would reduce the number of cruise ship passengers; their estimate indicated that there are up to 30,000 such sightseers per day at peak periods, while other concentrate their effort on promoting a more responsible way of visiting the city. An unofficial referendum to ban the huge cruise ships was held in June 2017. More than 18,000 people voted at 60 polling booths set up by activists and 17,874 chose to favor the ban the ships from the lagoon.

The population of Venice at the time was about 50,000. The organizers of the referendum backed a plan to build a new cruise ship terminal at one of the three entrances to the. Passenger would be transferred to smaller boats to take them to the historic area.

In 2014, the United Nations warned the city that it may be placed on UNESCO’s list of World Heritage In Danger sites unless cruise ships are banned from the canals near the historic centre. In November 2017, an official Comitatone released a specific plan to keep the largest cruise ships away from the Piazza San Marco and the entrance to the Grand Canal. Ships over 55,000 tons will be required to follow a specified path through another canal to a new passenger port to be built in Marghera, an industrial area of the mainland. Work on the both aspects will take time, however, four years according to officials.

The work will take much longer however, according to the lobby group No Grandi Navi (No Big Ships) which also remains concerned that the level of pollution caused by the ships will not be diminished. Foreign words of Venetian origin [ ] Some words with a Venetian etymology include,,,,,,,,, and. [ ] The name ' is a Spanish diminutive of Venice ( Veneziola). [ ] Many additional places around the world are named after Venice, e.g.,, home of Venice Beach; in Canada;, a city in Sarasota County;. Transportation [ ] In the historic centre [ ].

A map of the waterbus routes in Venezia Lagoon area [ ] The main public transportation means are motorised ( ) which ply regular routes along the Grand Canal and between the city's islands. The only gondole still in common use by Venetians are the traghetti, foot passenger crossing the Grand Canal at certain points without bridges. Other gondole target tourists on an hourly basis. The (managed by ASM) is a -operated system connecting with Piazzale Roma.

Water taxis are also active. Lido and Pellestrina islands [ ] and are two islands forming a barrier between the southern Venetian Lagoon and the Adriatic Sea. In those islands, road traffic is allowed.

There are bus services on islands and waterbus services linking islands with other islands (Venice,, ) and with the peninsula of. Mainland [ ] The mainland of Venice is composed of 5 boroughs: -Carpenedo,, Chirignago-Zelarino and Favaro Veneto. Mestre is the center and the most populated urban area of the mainland of Venice. There are several bus routes and two. Several bus routes and one of the above tramway lines link the mainland with, the main bus station in Venice, via, a road bridge connecting the mainland with the group of islands that comprise the historic center of Venice. The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Venice, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 52 min.

12.2% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 10 min, while 17.6% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7 km, while 12% travel for over 12 km in a single direction. ( Aeroporto di Venezia ) The (: Porto di Venezia) is the eighth-busiest commercial port in Italy and is one of the most important in the Mediterranean concerning the cruise sector, as a major hub for. It is one of the major Italian ports and is included in the list of the leading European ports which are located on the strategic nodes of trans-European networks.

In 2006, 30,936,931 tonnes passed through the port, of which 14,541,961 was the commercial sector, and saw 1,453,513 passengers. In 2002, the port handled 262,337 containers. Airports [ ] Venice is served by the ( Aeroporto di Venezia ), named in honor of its noted citizen. The airport is on the mainland and was rebuilt away from the coast. Public transport from the airport takes one to: • Venice by ATVO (provincial company) buses and by ACTV (city company) buses (route 5 aerobus); • Venice, Lido and Murano by Alilaguna (private company) motor boats; • Mestre, the mainland and Venice Mestre railway station (convenient for connections to,,, and the rest of Italy) by ACTV lines (route 15 and 45) and by ATVO lines; • regional destinations (Treviso, Padua, the beach.) by ATVO buses and by Busitalia Sita Nord buses (national company). Some airlines market in, 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Venice, as a Venice gateway. Some simply advertise flights to 'Venice', while naming the actual airport only in small print.

There are public buses from this airport to Venice. Venezia-Lido 'Giovanni Nicelli', a public airport suitable for smaller aircraft, is at the NE end of. It has a 994-metre grass runway. Book printed by Aldus Manutius. Venice has long been a source of inspiration for authors, playwrights, and poets, and at the forefront of the technological development of printing and publishing.

Two of the most noted Venetian writers were in the Middle Ages and later. Polo (1254–1324) was a merchant who voyaged to. His series of books, co-written by and titled provided important knowledge of the lands east of Europe, from the Middle East to China, Japan, and Russia. (1725–1798) was a prolific writer and adventurer best remembered for his autobiography, Histoire De Ma Vie ( Story of My Life), which links his colourful lifestyle to the city of Venice. Venetian playwrights followed the old Italian theatre tradition of. (1502–1542), (1707–1793), and (1720–1806) used the Venetian dialect extensively in their comedies.

Venice has also inspired writers from abroad. Shakespeare set and in the city, as did with his novel, (1912). The French writer spent most of his life in Venice and published A Dictionary For Lovers Of Venice in 2004. The city features prominently in ' and. It is also visited in 's and 's. Perhaps the most known children's book set in Venice is The Thief Lord, written by the German author.

The poet (1778–1827), born in, an island that at the time belonged to the Republic of Venice, was also a who wanted to see a free republic established in Venice following its fall to. Venice also inspired the poetry of, who wrote his first literary work in the city. Pound died in 1972, and his remains are buried in Venice's cemetery island of. Venice is also linked to the technological aspects of writing.

The city was the location of one of Italy's earliest printing presses, established by (1449–1515). [ ] From this beginning Venice developed as an important typographic center and even as late as the 18th century was responsible for printing half of Italy's published books. [ ] In literature and adapted works [ ] The city is a particularly popular setting for essays, novels, and other works of fictional or non-fictional literature.

Examples of these include: • 's autobiographical History of My Life, • 's (1605–6), • 's Commissario Guido Brunetti series and cookbook, and the German television seriws based on the novels • 's (1982), • 's ( or ) A large portion of the novel takes place in a city known as La Serenissima. It is an alternative-history version of Venice, complete with masquerades, canals and a Doge. 1596–1598) and, • ', and • 's. Additionally, 's novella, (1912), was the basis for Benjamin Britten's. Art and printing [ ].

The is an example of Venetian Gothic architecture alongside the. Venice has a rich and diverse, the most prominent of which is the style. Is a term given to a Venetian building style combining use of the Gothic lancet arch with and influences.

Warm Cracker Dip here. The style originated in 14th-century Venice, where the confluence of style from met Arab influence from. Chief examples of the style are the and the in the city.

The city also has several and buildings, including the and the. By the end of the 15th century, Venice had become the European capital of printing, being one of the first cities in Italy (after Subiaco and Rome) to have a printing press after those established in Germany, having 417 printers by 1500. The most important printing office was the of, which in 1499 printed the, considered the most beautiful book of the, and established modern, the page format and, and the first printed work of. In the 16th century, Venetian painting was developed through influences from the Paduan School and, who introduced the oil painting technique of the brothers.

It is signified by a warm colour scale and a picturesque use of colour. Early masters were the Bellini and Vivarini families, followed by and, then and. In the early 16th century, there was rivalry in Venetian painting between the disegno and colorito techniques. (the common painting surface) originated in Venice during the early Renaissance. These early canvases were generally rough.

In the 18th century, Venetian painting had a revival with, 's decorative painting and 's and 's panoramic views. In the 19th century with.

Rococo architectural style [ ] It can be argued that Venice produced the best and most refined designs. At the time [ ], Venice was in trouble.

It had lost most of its maritime power, was lagging behind its rivals in political importance, and society had become decadent, with nobles wasting their money in gambling and partying. But Venice remained Italy's fashion capital, and was a serious contender to Paris in terms of wealth, architecture, luxury, taste, sophistication, trade, decoration, style, and design. Venetian rococo was well known as rich and luxurious, with usually very extravagant designs. Unique Venetian furniture pieces included the divani da portego, and long rococo couches and pozzetti, objects meant to be placed against the wall. Bedrooms of rich Venetians were usually sumptuous and grand, with rich damask, velvet, and silk drapery and curtains, and beautifully carved rococo beds with statues of, flowers and angels. Venice was especially known for its beautiful, which remained among, if not the, finest in Europe. Chandeliers were usually very colourful, using to make them look more vibrant and stand out from others, and precious stones and materials from abroad were used, since Venice still held a vast trade empire.

Lacquer was very common, and many items of furniture were covered with it, the most noted being lacca povera (poor lacquer), in which allegories and images of social life were painted. Lacquerwork and were particularly common in bureau cabinets. Venice is known for its ornate glass-work, known as. It is world-renowned for being colourful, elaborate, and skilfully made. Many of the important characteristics of these objects had been developed by the 13th century. Toward the end of that century, the center of the Venetian glass industry moved to, an offshore island in Venice. The glass made there is known as.

Byzantine craftsmen played an important role in the development of Venetian glass, an art form for which the city is well known. When was sacked in the in 1204, some fleeing artisans came to Venice. This happened again when the took Constantinople in 1453, supplying Venice with still more glassworkers. By the 16th century, Venetian artisans had gained even greater control over the color and transparency of their glass, and had mastered a variety of decorative techniques. Despite efforts to keep Venetian glassmaking techniques within Venice, they became known elsewhere, and Venetian-style glassware was produced in other Italian cities and other countries of Europe. Some of the most important brands of glass in the world today are still produced in the historical glass factories on Murano. They are: Venini, Barovier & Toso,, Millevetri, Seguso.

Barovier & Toso is considered one of the 100 in the world, formed in 1295. Cinema, media, and popular culture [ ] Venice has been the setting or chosen location of numerous films, games, works of fine art and literature (including essays, fiction, non-fiction, and poems), music videos, television shows, and other cultural references. Festivals [ ]. Typical masks worn during the. The is held annually in the city, It lasts for around two weeks and ends on.

The is one of the most important events in the arts calendar. In 1895 an Esposizione biennale artistica nazionale (biennial exhibition of Italian art) was inaugurated. The activities of the Biennale were interrupted by the war in September 1942, but resumed in 1948. The is held in mid July.

It began as a feast to give thanks for the end of the plague of 1576. A bridge of barges is built connecting Giudecca to the rest of Venice, and fireworks play an important role. The ( Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica di Venezia) is the oldest film festival in the world. [ ] Founded by Count in 1932 as the Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica, the festival has since taken place every year in late August or early September on the island of the. Screenings take place in the historic on the Lungomare Marconi. It is one of the world's most prestigious film festivals and is part of the Venice Biennale.

See also: and In films [ ] Examples of films set or at least partially filmed in Venice include: • (1990) • (2003) • 's (1971) • Three films:,, and (2006) • (2010) • (1955), starring • • 's (1996) • 's • • • • • • (1999) • (1988), the biography of Veronica Franco, the 16th century beauty • •, is set inside a city based on Venice, although it is titled differently and features sights not present within its real-world equivalent. (The city is otherwise virtually identical to Venice.) • Music [ ]. Operahouse in the city. The city of Venice in Italy has played an important role in the development of the. The Venetian state – i.e., the medieval – was often popularly called the 'Republic of Music', and an anonymous Frenchman of the 17th century is said to have remarked that 'In every home, someone is playing a musical instrument or singing.

There is music everywhere.' During the 16th century, Venice became one of the most important musical centers of Europe, marked by a characteristic style of composition (the ) and the development of the under composers such as, who worked. Venice was the early center of music printing; began publishing music almost as soon as this technology was available, and his publishing enterprise helped to attract composers from all over Europe, especially from France and. By the end of the century, Venice was known for the splendor of its music, as exemplified in the 'colossal style' of and, which used multiple choruses and instrumental groups. Venice was also the home of many noted composers during the, such as,,, and, to name but a few. In music [ ] The city has been the setting for music videos of such songs as 's ' and ' '.

Photograph of Guardi's Regatta in Venice at the Frick Art Reference Library. Its splendid architecture, artworks, landscapes,, the alternance of high and low tides, the reflections of light and colors, and the unusual daily scenes in a city living on water, make of Venice and its islands a paradise for photographers both professionals and amateurs. Has probably been the pioneer in artistic photography in Venice, followed by a number of authors whose works are often reproduced on postcards, thus reaching a widest international popular exposure. Luxury shops and boutiques along the. In the 14th century, many young Venetian men began wearing tight-fitting multicoloured hose, the designs on which indicated the Compagnie della Calza ('Trouser Club') to which they belonged. The Venetian Senate passed, but these merely resulted in changes in fashion in order to circumvent the law.

Dull garments were worn over colourful ones, which then were cut to show the hidden colours resulting in the wide spread of men's 'slashed' fashions in the 15th century. Today, Venice is a major fashion and shopping centre, not as important as,, and Rome, but on a par with,,,, and. Is the only major brand to be based in Venice. Founded in 1945, it is renowned for its innovative handbags featuring hardware [ ] by Venetian artisans and often covered in locally woven velvet, and has been credited with creating the concept of the easily recognisable. Many of the fashion boutiques and jewelry shops in the city are located on or near the and in the. There are and flagship stores in the city.

If shopping for venetian and Italian food specialties and wine you can head to Mascari or Casa del Parmigiano near Rialto and flagship store near. Notable people [ ].

See also: Venice is with: •, Armenia, since 2011 •, Croatia, since 2012 In 2013, Venice ended the sister city relationship with St. Petersburg in opposition to laws Russia had passed against homosexuals and those who support gay rights. Cooperation agreements [ ] Venice has cooperation agreements with the Greek city of, the German city of, signed on 25 September 1999, and the Turkish city of, signed on 4 March 1993, within the framework of the 1991 Istanbul Declaration.

It is also a Science and Technology Partnership City with, China. See also [ ]. Venice: Pure City. London, Chatto & Windus. •,, 1884; revised ed. 1894; further eds. 1900, 1904, 1909.

• Cole, Toby. Venice: A Portable Reader, Lawrence Hill, 1979. (hardcover); (softcover). •, Venice: A New History. New York: Viking, 2012.. A fascinating and approachable history by a distinguished historian.

• (1993), Venice. 3rd revised edition. Faber & Faber,. A subjective and passionate written introduction to the city and some of its history. Not illustrated.

Abridged edition Links, JG (Ed), Penguin Books, 2001.. Seminal work on architecture and society • (2004). A Venetian Affair.

Biography of Venetian nobleman and lover, from correspondence in the 1750s. • Sethre, Janet.

The Souls of Venice McFarland & Company, Inc., 2003. This book focuses on people who have been shaped by Venice and who have shaped the city in their turn. Illustrated (photographs by Manuela Fardin). External links [ ].

Jump to: • (4) • (1) Summaries • On a journey to San Francisco, Richard, his father and cousin Emmeline find themselves on a ship about to explode. Rushed to a lifeboat with Paddy Button, the two children escape while their father (and uncle) are on another lifeboat. In the chaos following, the lifeboats are separated. Paddy, Richard and Emmeline find themselves with no food and no water stuck in the middle of nowhere.

After some time, the three come across an uncharted paradise, where Paddy quickly teaches the children fishing, hunting and building. After maybe a month or two, Paddy gets very drunk off a barrel of rum found on the island when they first arrive, and drowns in the middle of the night.

Emmeline and Richard, now alone and very scared, move location and rebuild their island home. Many years later, the two young teenagers have developed a very real home, but hormones and feelings between the two strain their friendship, until Richard, who is still very determined to reach San Francisco, is let down by Emmeline when a ship passes by the island and she does not light the signal fire. Throwing her out of the home they had built together, Emmeline attempts to survive on her own but is hurt. After Richard finds her dying, he realizes how he really feels for her and manages to save her. Nature runs its course and their friendship turns into love as the couple learn about the facts of life, when Emmeline has a baby and does not understand why. — • Marooned on an Edenic deserted island in the South Pacific during the early Victorian era, the 7-year-old cousins, Richard and Emmeline Lestrange, are forced to survive on their own.

Eventually, as the years pass and the children grow into handsome and sexually curious teenagers, an irrepressible and utterly unsatiated curiosity will inevitably disrupt the fine balance in their idyllic paradise, leading them to explore their sensuality. And then, unexpectedly, for the first time in many years, a ship shows up on the horizon.

Is this their salvation? — • Two young children are the sole survivors of a shipwreck in a time when sailing was the only way of travel. They are stranded on a tropical island, a real paradise. Together, Richard and Emmeline have to survive, which is quite easy as there are no dangerous animals on the island. Years later, the two teenagers are living in a self-constructed hut, strange emotions start influencing their relationship.

Although they had no grown-ups to educate them for all that time, the behaviour of the two always stayed in a very civilized way. Nature takes its course, and Emmeline gets pregnant, totally unaware of the fact that a child is growing inside her. On the night their boy is born, Richard finds out about the origins of the drums they hear from time to time from the forbidden side of the island. The synopsis below may give away important plot points. Synopsis • It is the Victorian era in the South Pacific. Two young children, cousins Richard and Emmeline Lestrange ( and ) are sailing with Richard's father, Arthur (), to San Francisco. When the ship suddenly catches fire, the ship's cook, Paddy Button (), gathers the children in a lifeboat and rows away from the wreck.

However, due to dense smoke, heavy fog, and general chaos, they are separated from the children's father, who has escaped on a separate dinghy, and drift out to sea. After a day or two afloat, they arrive on the shores of a lush, tropical island. Paddy assumes responsibility for the children and, over an indeterminable amount of time, teaches them how to find food and build shelter, though he can't deter them from taking their shirts off and running about half naked. One day he discovers a stone altar covered in blood and the remains of what appear to be a human sacrifice.

He warns the children to stay away from that place, telling them it's 'the law' and that the boogeyman lives there. He also tells them to never eat a certain scarlet berry that Emmeline finds, presumably to keep them from eating anything uncertain.

He calls them 'never-wake-up berries'. The memory of having the berries temporarily in her mouth haunts Emmeline for the rest of the film. Because Paddy talks of being 'dead n' buried' if they eat the berries, Emmeline associates the words with them and renames them 'dead n' berries'. One day, Paddy discovers a barrel of rum or whiskey washed ashore from the sunken ship. He and the children have a little fun that night, dancing around a fire, though Paddy is obviously inebriated. When the children fall asleep, he takes the barrel and swims to a smaller, nearby island.

The children wake up in the morning and take the rowboat out to where they see Paddy lying in the sand. Thinking he's merely asleep, they flip him over to see that he's died in a drunken binge. A crab crawls out of his mouth and Emmeline faints. Richard brings her back to the island where, that night in their hut, she begs him to take her away from this place.

They pack up everything they have and row around to the other side of the island where they find a new stretch of beach to settle on. Relying on each other and the bounty the island has to offer, Richard and Emmeline mature into strong teenagers ( and ), spending their days diving for pearls and fish, gathering food, or maintaining their tree house. Though they spend most of their time together, Richard and Emmeline soon start developing both physically and emotionally in ways they can't explain. Growing up as children, they are generally ignorant to the changes they experience which leads to frustration and confusion for the most part.

Emmeline experiences her first menstrual period while swimming and calls out to Richard, afraid at first. When he arrives and asks what's wrong, she yells at him, embarassed, and tells him to go away. Richard finds himself becoming physically attracted to Emmeline but she, though often fearful of being left alone, doesn't reciprocate his feelings, inciting Richard to go off alone and masturbate. One day, ever-curious Emmeline wanders to the forbidden side of the island and finds a Moai-like stone idol there with the tell-tale stain of blood. Thinking instead that the place is holy, she prays and later tells Richard that she thinks Paddy was wrong and that the 'boogeyman', who bleeds like Jesus, is actually God.

However, Richard berates her for disobeying the 'law'. They speak often of being rescued and going to 'San Frisco' to see Richard's father, but when a ship passes by the island for the first time in years, Emmeline does not light the signal fire they had set up.

Richard emerges from foraging in time to see the ship depart and angrily confronts Emmeline. She tells him that the island is their home now and that they should stay, to Richard's disbelief.

They insult each other and Emmeline reveals that she knows what happens when Richard goes off alone which leads him to throw a coconut at her. She throws one back, hitting him on the head. Immediately remorseful, Emmeline rushes over to him but he slaps her and says he wishes she was dead n' buried. Furious, he kicks her out of their home, throwing her items onto the beach. After building a makeshift hut for herself near the water, Emmeline steps on a stonefish. Richard discovers her deathly ill in her hut and she begs him to take her to God, despite the law. Fearing for her life, Richard does so and places her on the stone altar, reciting what little he remembers of his prayers.

Emmeline eventually recovers and, after she regains her ability to walk, goes swimming with Richard in the lagoon. Afterwards, they sit naked together and share some fruit as well as their first kiss. They lie down with each other, expressing their love for each other, and discover sexual intercourse and passionate love. Putting all their past arguing aside, they spend most of every waking moment with each other, playing in the water or making love. However, Emmeline soon becomes pregnant.

Though this is clear to the viewer through Emmeline's hunger cravings and her ability to feel the baby, she and Richard are unsure of her physical changes and have no knowledge of childbirth, attributing it all, at first, to Emmeline merely getting fatter. One night, Emmeline goes missing and Richard looks through the jungle for her. Following the sound of drums, he comes upon the altar where 'God' stood. There, he witnesses a native tribe performing a human sacrifice.

Richard flees as the victim is killed and hears Emmeline's cries, following them in time to help her give birth to a baby boy whom they name Paddy. They bring the baby back to their home and try to feed him. Frustrated by the baby's crying and that he won't take solid foods or juice, Emmeline takes him in her arms to see that he instinctively suckles at her breast. Richard tells Emmeline what he witnessed the night she gave birth and assures her that if any of the natives come to find them he will stick them with his spear like a fish. But the natives never come to their side of the island. As the baby grows, they teach him how to swim and play.

As they all play together in wet mud near the shore, a ship led by Richard's father approaches the island and sees them there. As they are completely covered in mud, Arthur does not recognize them. Paddy points to the ship but when Richard and Emmeline see it, they resign all previous intentions of leaving the island with silent glances and retreat with Paddy into the forest.

Richard is seen taking the rowboat alone out to the small island where Paddy Button died. He approaches the beach and sees the old man's skeleton lying in the sand, bleached white from the sun. Richard tentatively touches his ribs, matching them to Paddy's, and looks at the bones in his hands. A morbid understanding comes to him and it's implied that he has a better grasp on his own body as well as death. One morning, the young family takes the rowboat to visit their original home site and to collect food and other supplies. Richard goes to harvest bananas while Emmeline and the baby explore near shore and Emmeline fails to notice young Paddy collecting scarlet berries and putting them in his pocket.

The two of them go back to the boat to wait for Richard but the tide takes them out when Emmeline falls asleep. She is awakened by the sound of Paddy pushing one of the oars into the water and tries to fetch it with the other. When she can't, she calls out to Richard who starts to swim to the boat, followed closely by a shark. Just before he reaches the boat, Emmeline throws the last oar at the shark, hitting it and giving Richard enough time to get out of the water. They try to paddle to shore with their hands but the tide is too strong and they don't dare swim for fear of a shark attack.

Slowly but surely, the boat is taken out to sea. After a day or two at sea, Richard and Emmeline awake from a nap to find Paddy eating the berries he had collected.

Frantic, they try to make him spit them out, but he's already swallowed them. After another day, young Paddy has a hard time keeping his eyes open and falls into a deep sleep. Resolute, Richard splits the remaining berries between Emmeline and himself and they lie down together to await death. A short time later, a large schooner approaches the rowboat. Arthur Lestrange and the captain of the ship () approach in their own dinghy to find the young couple and their child lying in the boat. He asks the captain, 'Are they dead?' The captain replies, 'No sir, they are asleep.'